Doping is defined as the occurrence of one or more of the anti-doping rule violations set forth in Article 2.1 through Article 2.8 of these Anti-Doping Rules.

The following constitute anti-doping rule violations:
2.1 The presence of a Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers in an Athlete's bodily Specimen

2.1.1 It is each Athlete's personal duty to ensure that no Prohibited Substance enters his or her body. Athletes are responsible for any Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers found to be present in their bodily Specimens. Accordingly, it is not necessary that intent, fault, negligence or knowing Use on the Athlete's part be demonstrated in order to establish an anti-doping violation under Article 2.1.

2.1.2 Excepting those substances for which a quantitative reporting threshold is specifically identified in the Prohibited List, the detected presence of any quantity of a Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers in an Athlete's Sample shall constitute an anti-doping rule violation.

2.1.3 As an exception to the general rule of Article 2.1, the Prohibited List may establish special criteria for the evaluation of Prohibited Substances that can also be produced endogenously.

2.2 Use or Attempted Use of a Prohibited Substance or a Prohibited Method. (defined as the application, ingestion, injection or consumption by any means whatsoever of any Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method.

2.2.1 The success or failure of the Use of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method is not material. It is sufficient that the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method was Used or Attempted to be Used for an anti-doping rule violation to be committed.

2.3 Refusing, or failing without compelling justification, to submit to Sample collection after notification as authorized in these Anti-Doping Rules or otherwise evading Sample collection.

2.4 Violation of the requirements regarding Athlete availability for Between-Competition Testing including failure to provide required whereabouts information set forth in Article 5.5 (Athlete whereabouts requirements) and missed tests which are declared based on reasonable rules.

2.4 Tampering, or Attempting to tamper, with any part of Doping Control.

2.6 Possession of Prohibited Substances and Methods

2.6.1 Possession by an Athlete at any time or place of a substance that is prohibited or a Prohibited Method unless the Athlete establishes that the Possession is pursuant to a therapeutic use exemption granted in accordance with Article 4.4 (Therapeutic Use) or other acceptable justification.

2.6.2 Possession of a Prohibited Substance or a Prohibited Method by Athlete Support Personnel in connection with an Athlete, Event or training, unless the Athlete Support Personnel establishes that the Possession is pursuant to a therapeutic use exemption granted to an Athlete in accordance with Article 4.4 (Therapeutic Use) or other acceptable justification.

2.7 Trafficking in any Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method.

2.8 Administration or Attempted administration of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method to any Athlete, or assisting, encouraging, aiding, abetting, covering up or any other type of complicity involving an anti-doping rule violation or any Attempted violation.